A Definition Of Monopoly Economics Essay

A Definition Of Monopoly Economics Essay Imposing business model is an industry that has just one firm that sells a decent which has no nearby substitutes. Syndication firms additionally speak to businesses on the grounds that there are no different firms in the market. Items that are from imposing business model market are power, water, satellite TV, neighborhood telephone utilities and some more. Instances of imposing business model firm in Malaysia is Tenaga Nasional Berhad, TNBs special situation as a restraining infrastructure in the age, transmission and dispersion of power in Peninsular Malaysia. TNB is the main firm that gives us power to each working in Malaysia. Another syndication firm in Malaysia that just give sewerage administrations is Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd. Indah Water Konsortium is the main firm in Malaysia that basically answerable for working and keeping up the open sewage treatment plants and system of underground sewerage pipelines. Attributes of Monopoly Market One merchant and enormous number of purchasers Restraining infrastructure showcase attributes are they is just a single maker or vender in the market and there are numerous purchasers. Along these lines, the firm had the ability to control the entire market whether it is from the point of deciding the cost or the amount of creation. A monopolist has the ability to decide the degree of cost in light of the fact that there is no opposition from different firms. Subsequently, if the monopolist plans to sell a greater amount, it needs to lessen the cost. This implies the monopolist can just control the cost or the amount of deals, and not both immediately. No nearby replacement Moreover, syndication firms merchandise have no substitutes, its methods buyers must choose between limited options other than what is delivered by the monopolist and they cannot locate any substitute of the item. For instance, Telekom Malaysia is an organizations that give home telephone utilities which has no nearby substitutes however in the event that the purchaser can discover another organizations that give home telephone utility along these lines the item is no longer in syndication. Limitation of section of new firms All the contenders are kept from entering the market because of severe obstructions to the passage of new firm. To confine the section of new firms into the business, there are obstructions to passage that are characteristic or legitimate limitations. There are no opposition faces by monopolist is a result of hindrances of passage. Publicizing A monopolist doesnt need to publicize their item or administrations to expand deals since monopolist reserved the privilege to control the market and purchasers realize where to get the items and they must choose between limited options to purchase from other maker. Imposing business model firms that give nearby open utilities, for example, water, power and home telephone administrations doesnt need to promote since they are the main firms that give it and clients had no way out to get it from another firm. Introduction to Question 2 It is conventional to partition businesses into classifications as indicated by the level of rivalry that exists between the organizations inside the business. There are four such classifications. Above all else is immaculate rivalry is where there is an enormous number of purchasers and vender. The merchandise sold in the market are homogenous where the greater part of the products are similar and no doubt the equivalent. Along these lines, merchants can without much of a stretch enter and exit from the market. A large portion of the agrarian products are remembered for impeccable rivalry market, for example, vegetables, organic products, rice, espresso beans, wheat, essential items, gold, silver and others. Second will be monopolistic is a market structure in which there are enormous quantities of little dealers selling separated items yet these are close substitute items and have simple section into and exit from the market. The majority of the items in monopolistic rivalry are substitutes and the main contrasts of the items are, for example, marking. In contrast to consummate rivalry, in monopolistic rivalry advertise, the majority of the items are extraordinary, yet merchandise are close substitutes for each other. Items that are under monopolistic rivalry are shoes, garments, books, watches, toothpastes, cleansers, frozen yogurts, chocolates and some more. Next will be oligopoly, where it is a market structure in which there are just one firms selling either normalized or separated items and it limits the section into and exit from the market. Because of troublesome or outlandish for new firms to enter the market, a large portion of the organizations in oligopoly market can acquire strange benefits in since quite a while ago run. Models for this market are cigarettes, vehicles, electrical hardware and concrete Ultimately imposing business model, where it is possibly exists when an industry or market has just a single maker. The majority of the open utility firms are in restraining infrastructure showcase. Highlights of the four market structures Sort of Market Number of Firms Opportunity of section Nature of item Models Suggestion for request bend for firm Impeccable rivalry A lot of Unlimited Homogeneous (Undifferentiated) Cabbages, carrots, nearby rancher (these estimated to consummate rivalry) Level. The firm is a value taker. Monopolistic rivalry Many/a few Unlimited Separated Manufacturers, cafés Descending inclining, however generally versatile. The firm has some authority over cost Oligopoly Few Confined 1. Undifferentiated 2. Separated 1. Concrete 2. Vehicles, electrical apparatuses Descending slanting, generally inelastic however relies upon responses of adversaries to a value change Imposing business model One Confined or totally blocked Remarkable Open utility Descending slanting, more inelastic than oligopoly, The firm has significant command over cost Examination of Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition Similitudes There are enormous number of firms in the two markets. Dealer from the two markets are effectively enter and exit from the market. The organizations augments benefit when MR is equivalent to MC. Firms from both market may procure financial benefit or typical benefit or acquire misfortunes in short run. While in since a long time ago run, flawless serious and monopolistic serious firms win just ordinary benefit. Contrasts of Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition The powers of interest and gracefully for the whole business decide costs in the ideal rivalry showcase. While, in monopolistic rivalry showcase, each firm has its own value strategy. In can be finish up as immaculate rivalry firms are value takers and monopolistic firms are value producers. An ideal serious firm sells homogenous items while monopolistic serious firm sells item that are separated item. Item separation may lead monopolistic rivalry in selling cost. There are enormous number of firms that are in flawless rivalry while just pixie huge number of firms in monopolistic rivalry. An ideal serious firms request bend is completely flexible and MR bend is equivalent to average income bend however in monopolistic serious firm, the interest bend is descending inclining and MR bend is additionally descending slanting, which lies underneath the normal income bend. Contrasts of Oligopoly and Monopoly Oligopoly is a market basic where there are a couple of number of firms in the business that produce either indistinguishable or separated item.

Principles of CNC Machine Operations

Question: Depict about the terms for the Principles Of CNC Machine Operations. Answer: PC Numeric Control PC Numeric Control (CNC) is the computerization of machine devices. These apparatuses are worked through programming and encoding. Mechanization here replaces the mechanical or manual tasks done either by switches, wheels or hand, and so on. (Reintjes, Francis, 1991). The significant application for the robotization of the manual or mechanical assignments is the structure of the mechanical items. CNC frameworks are mechanized through Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) for the plan of the start to finish segment. Guideline Of Operation The computerization of the mechanical and manual assignments is done, by thinking about the accompanying rule of activity. Figure: Architecture of CNC machines Any sort of movement is the development controlled in two measurements, significantly X and Y tomahawks and in some cases in the third measurement, Z, which is the profundity. The devices position must be driven by an engine, and for the most part, stepper engine is utilized as immediate drive to guarantee that the developments are extremely precise and more uncertain with the progression down riggings, in arrangement. The transformation of the vitality is occurred through the transducer. The powers are kept exact or littler, as these paces are very little more. In such cases open circle control is utilized, to keep up the powers to be littler (Leweis Kenneth, 1959). Be that as it may, different parameters, similar to exactness, unwavering quality and speed are to be controlled, with the assistance of the shut circle. The shut circle is utilized for the applications, for example, business metalworking machines. Every one of these parameters are currently electronically controlled, fo r 100%. CNC Milling Machine the cutting edge CNC processing machines are accessible with smaller structures with the material, titanium, fired and numerous other composite materials. Stone rock is utilized for the base development that gives better kinematics, steadiness and by and large nature of the machines. These cutting edge machines are generally vertical factories that comprise of axle that moves along the Z pivot, vertically. The start to finish structure of the segment gets mechanized with the assistance of the computerized CAM/CAD programs (Smid Peter, 2008). They have the tooling applications like, tapping, reaming and penetrating and as a rule these instruments are joined in a solitary cell. The cell is pivoted and moved with the assistance of the AC servo engine for playing out the necessary application. The basic highlights fluctuate from the customary framework, as it utilizes the PC controlled robots and furthermore now and then with minor human mediations. In contrast to the regular processing, the CNC processing machine gives the last structure, practically impeccable to the CAD plan. These machines were modified with paper tape, prior and now are modernized with the increase of the PCs, carefully. Fast steel is typically utilized in cutting devices and instrument bits (Boccalini Goldenstein, 2001). Then again, established carbides are additionally utilized. Instrument the executives is done naturally, by the thought of the predefined parameters. Figure: Modern CNC Milling Machine The cutting edge CNC processing machines are compelling in swarf the executives. These machines utilize the ball leadscrews to decipher the rotational movement, authorized from the AC servo engines to the exact and pre-characterized direct movement, with the goal that the precise yields can be acquired. The cutting edge processing machines empower the unbending nature of the item to be inside the pre-set qualities, without the weakening and quality and quality. References Boccalini, M. H. Goldenstein. Cementing of rapid steels.International Materials, 2001. Encyclopdia Britannica,diesinking, 2011. Smid and Peter,CNC Programming Handbook(3rd ed.), New York, Industrial Press, 2008. Nguyen, et al.,STEP-consistent CNC Systems, Present and Future Directions, Springer, 2009.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I am very pleased to be allowed the chance to address all of you during this brilliant and earth shattering festival. All of you merits the best congrats. You have followed through on a cost to be here; put sweat, dissatisfaction, outrage, exertion, tears, blood and now triumph into your years at Napier High School. All of you ought to be extraordinarily glad for yourselves. You realize that you make your life anything you desire. What's more, what you put in, you get out. Like the crosscountry young ladies' saying: Where you discover achievement you discover penance, in the event that you give, you will get. Be that as it may, don't expect results immediately. A few things require some investment. Furthermore, don't anticipate that your objectives should come without any problem. Life is loaded up with affliction; anticipate hindrances at each corner. Why? Since chances are they will be there. In any case, it's not what happens when you are confronted with misfortune, it's the means by which you respond to it. Be tasteful through triumph and disappointment and on the off chance that you get wrecked or stepped on. Get up, get over yourself and begin running again - no pause, that is another story. In any case, you will confront hindrances; the way to movi...

The Exclusion Of State Immunity Privilege In Tortious Activity International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

At present time, the only comprehensive multilateral convention on state immunity is the European Convention on State Immunity. The Convention was adopted by Council of Europe in 1972 with the aim to codify the rules of state immunity whereas many countries still followed to absolute doctrine of state immunity. Articles 1-15 contain main principles of restriction of state immunity with requirement of strict territorial nexus. Article 4 provide commercial activity exception which states that A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of another Contracting State if the proceedings relate to an obligation of the State, which, by virtue of a contract, falls to be discharged in the territory of the State of the forum. But the main particularity of this Convention is provision of exception in tortious conduct. It is stated there in the Article 11 that: A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State in proceedings which relate to redress for injury to the person or damage to tangible property, if the facts which occasioned the injury or damage occurred in the territory of the State of the forum, and if the author of the injury or damage was present in that territory at the time when those facts occurred. According to this provision it is clear that jure imperii is not applicable anymore in tortious activity but the strict territorial nexus requirement shall be fulfilled. The exclusion of state immunity privilege in tortious activity is provided in the United Nations Convention of Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property as well. However, this Convention will come into force after submission of thirtieth ratification instrument. Other conventions on state immunity are very specific and relate to very narrow aspects of state immunity. Among such conventions there are, for example, the Brussels Convention on the Unification of State-owned Vessels (1926), International Convention on Civil liability for oil pollution damage (1969) and others. On the basis of provided short overview of the current legal situation on state immunity in different legal systems the conclusion can be maid as following. Adoption of legislative acts and moving away from governmental and private distinction in tortious activity make me think that common law states had more open-minded approach to state immunity. But, this distinction between the approaches of civil and common law states to restrictive doctrine cannot be essential over long time due to international conventions, which gradually establish overall united approach. But it can be found one advantage in the absence of legislative acts in civil law states. It is namely that these states are not obliged to play in the frameworks of strict legislative acts. And that is why it gives to their courts more discretion in judgments. It shall be considered below. 1.3. Commercial exception As laid down by the previous chapter, a state deprives its immunity in committing wrongs during its commercial activity and it would be right to consider this exception in court practice as well. By way of example in describing of this exception mostly the legislation and court practice of US will be taken. The commercial activity is defined in FSIA as either a regular course of commercial conduct or a particular commercial transaction. According to this legal norm, it becomes clear that the commercial activity does not suppose that defendant should be commercial entity but the cause of action should be based on commercial act.[1]The relationship between state and individual or legal person does no need to be commercial (if someone understand under commercial that activity which relates to commerce) but the conduct of state needs to be based on commercial act (transaction).[2] However, the significant problem to such aspect is the conclusion how to define that the claim is based on exactly commercial activity but not non-commercial one.[3]The answer to this question would be given in the following subchapters. 1.3.1. Identification of the relevant act In establishment whether the claim of plaintiff is based upon the commercial activity it is first of all necessary to identify the relevant act.[4] According to the section 1605 (a) (2) of FSIA, the exception will be applied in case of the claim bases on commercial act. Over long period of time in the finding of the relevant act, courts have paid more its attention to the wording based on commercial act not just commercial act. They interpreted the relevant act as the particular conduct giving rise to the claim in question actually constitutes or is in connection with commercial activity.[5]In other words, courts ask to establish nexus between commercial activity and wrong.[6] Courts later modernized their guidelines on identification of relevant act and stated that the commercial act had to form the gravamen of the complaint. These both court interpretations of the relevant act found its place in the case of Saudi Arabia vs. Nelson.[7] Mr. Nelson had been employed through US Career Recruitment Company (that includes the signing of employment contract) in USA to work as engineer in the hospital in Saudi Arabia. He was arrested later and tortured for thirty-nine days in the Saudi Arabia. USA court dismissed the claim of Nelson because he did not find any connection between USA and wrong committed in Saudi Arabia. The Court of Appeals revised the judgment of first instance and concluded that the claim was based on commercial but not governmental act because the detention and torture of Nelson were so intertwined with his employment at the Hospital that they are based on his recruitment and hiring, in the Unites StatesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[8]. The Judge Edward Re stipulated that Nelson would not be arrested in Saudi Arabia if he had not been hired in US. However, the Supreme Court revised the decision of the Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court stated that in order to be based on commercial act, such act must form the gravamen of the complaint.[9]In other words If Nelsons action had been for breach of the contract of employment rather than a legally independent tort, his recruitment and negotiation of the contract in the United States would have been a commercial act upon which his claims were based.[10] The Supreme Court concluded that claim was based on the torture but not on Nelsons recruitment in the hospital. The Court also added that the activity of police which arrested Nelson was governmental not commercial.[11]Nonetheless, someone might argue that court dismissed the claim of Nelson in the part where he brought the claim against state-owned hospital as well and according to the argumentation of the Court it would be considered as commercial activity. In another case of Siderman de Blacke vs. Argentina[12]the Court decided the question of identification of the relevant act in the benefit of individual. Mr. Siderman was tortured and banished from Argentina. The government confiscated his business (hotel) and all property located in Argentina. It was anti-Semitism actions taken by Argentina officers. In this case if the Court considered the expropriation and other violations of human rights (tortures) as relevant acts these acts would not be recognized as commercial and certainly would not have any connection with US. But the Court stated that the claim of Mr. Siderman was based on operation of his Hotel.[13]The determination of operation of Hotel as relevant act made much easier for the Court to establish the nexus between the hotels operation (attraction of tourists) and US. On the basis of these two cases it can be seen which big problem can create the identification of relevant act. It can be assumed that it is important correctly identify the relevant act from which will depend the following question of application of immunity exception. And the big power in this identification is in the hands of courts, which shall be always motivated with the sense of making justice. 1.3.2. Nature/purpose tests The second step in establishment of commercial activity exception is identification whether the relevant act is commercial act. There is no such legal system in the world, which could describe how to determine whether the act is commercial or not. For such identification courts developed two tests: nature-test and purpose-test. In earlier cases most of courts followed to the purpose-test. A good example of application of purpose-test can be taken from the National Iranian Gas Corporation case.[14]In 1978 National Iranian Gas Corporation concluded the contract with French company Pipeline service for the pipeline construction in Iran. But the French company was not paid for their rendered services. The French company sued Iranian corporation before French court. The court of first instance rejected the claim because of state immunity. Then after reclaiming petition the Court of Appeal stated that state immunity could not be invoked because the contract is still considered as private contract to perform public project. But then again the Court of Cassation reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeal and stated that immunity could be granted to foreign state not only in governmental acts but also in acts with the public interest.[15]In other words it can be concluded that the court used the purpose-test. However, case-by-case courts passed to the nature-test. In section 1603 (d) of FSIA it is defined that: The commercial character of an activity shall be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose. In other words the meaning of nature-test has been concluded according to ability of private person to commit the same act, which could be done by state as well. For example, such acts as legislating, providing national defense can be done only by state.[16] The court applied the nature-test in the above-mentioned Nelson case. As we remember from that case court rejected the claim of Mr. Nelson because it found that the relevant acts were actions of state officers and according to nature-test that alleged tortious acts were governmental.[17]It can be concluded that it was duty and authority in capacity of only state officers to keep order in the country and that is why it was considered as governmental but not commercial. However, in the opinion of Joseph W. Dellapenna the nature-test cannot be always characterized correctly by the nature of acts of modern states. For example state orders clothes for its army, should we consider this act as making contract or providing the national defense?[18]These problems could be avoided if courts used the purpose-test. But the main disadvantage of this test is that state always pursue in its actions public purpose.[19] After analyzing of both tests it can be said that both tests have their own advantages and disadvantages. And application of the correct test is in discretion of the court. However, in practice, it shows that some courts prefer to follow only to the nature-test (USA), while some courts prefer to follow only to purpose-test (French courts). From my point of view the best solution would be if courts considered both tests. For example, United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of State and Their Property offer to use two-tier approach for the determination of whether the act is commercial or non-commercial.[20]According to this test the court, firstly, need to consider the nature-test and if nature-test could not help much then to apply the purpose test only if in the practice of the State which is a party to it [the contract or transaction], that purpose is relevant to determining the non-commercial character of the contract or transaction. To sum up this chapter, it is seen that the doctrine of state immunity step-by-step appears to be more restricted in favor of individuals. Appearance of commercial exception itself announced the first victory of individuals over states. But in addition, commercial exception was developed further by creation of nature-test by judges. This test gave possibility to evaluate previously recognized non-commercial acts as commercial ones and increased chances of individuals to take the shield of immunity from states. 1.4. Tortious exception Firstly it is needed to explain the approach of author to the structuring of this main part of thesis. In the subchapter 1.2 it was considered the current legal situation in civil and common law states, among which were mostly European states and USA due to their main achievements in the doctrine of state immunity. Now it is time to consider their no less important court practice in tortious activity. More attention will be concentrated on European model because of their recent significant impact on development of the doctrine of state immunity. European model will not include torts of EU legal system. It was decided to consider the torts of EU legal system separately from European model because of the special status of EU law- above domestic law but not within of international law. Tortious exception supposes the denial of state immunity in commitment of torts, acts of state causing death, injury, damage to property. In the framework of each model it is decided to consider two types of torts: firstly, domestic torts and secondly, torts with violation of fundamental human rights. It is marked out these two types of torts in the legal doctrine.[21]Domestic torts mean such torts, which relate to the sphere of domestic tort law (libel, slander, physical distress, mental anguish, and etc.). And logically to the second type of torts relate such torts, which beside domestic law also violate international law by causing injury to life, limb and liberty of individuals and these torts themselves constitutes the violations of international fundamental human rights. In this chapter author followed to this generally accepted classification of torts however sometimes under category of domestic torts were covered such torts, which could be classified as violations of human ri ghts, however individuals did not rely on violation of fundamental human rights and limited the tools of protection of their rights by domestic law. Sometimes it will happen that in the process of describing the tortious exception some previous court decisions may be mentioned again as appropriate for the deeper analysis and clarification of new aspects.

Jazz Music A Black Art - 2297 Words

Birsa Chatterjee Ms. Kuryllo AP English 12 Jazz Music: A Black Art in American Literature In America, the 1920s was an extremely critical time, especially for the African-Americans of the time. The Harlem Renaissance was booming. Citizens were bringing all poetry, art, and music to the next level in the roaring 20s. They call this the â€Å"Jazz Age† for a reason. Jazz music started to appear in dance venues and clubs. One such club was the famous Cotton Club. People were either enamored by it, or appalled by it. Jazz was all about movement; it was driven by syncopation and improvisation, and for some it was highly regarded as â€Å"the devil’s music. â€Å"Music, is a cultural reaction to specific environmental factors. As the new music of the 1920s, jazz utilized various elements and a new and greater sense of individual freedom and accomplishment. As the most revered, and emotionally fulfilling contemporary reaction to the world in Africa-American society, this music became parallel with the culture from which it had originated, overcoming barriers of gender and class. (Ludigkeit 6). Jazz music was created out of the black tradition of call-and-response. In the South (plantations), slaves utilized work songs to communicate with each other, maintain a working pace with their peers, and also as a type of worship. In the creation of jazz, the music was built in a similar way: a basic form was created, that followed a specific melodic structure and chord progression. Then musicians beganShow MoreRelatedJohn Altoon s Jazz Players From 19501396 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Altoon’s Jazz Players from 1950 is an oil on Masonite painting located in the Orange County Museum of Art in Newport Beach, Ca lifornia. 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Isabel Wilkerson states in her book the warmth of other suns â€Å"Six million black Southerners moving out of the terror of Jim Crow to an uncertain existence in the North and Midwest. (Wilkerson 56). After the Emancipation Proclamation and the abolishment of slavery, black Americans wereRead MoreJazz Influence On Jazz1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Jazz in Toni Morrison’s Novel Jazz â€Å"It is only in his music [ ... ] that the Negro in America has been able to tell his story.† James Baldwin. â€Å"Jazz has been a part of a proud African American tradition for over 100 years. A robust, rhythmic under-structure, blue notes, solos, â€Å"call-and response† patterns, and improvisation of melody all characterize jazz music.† In Jà ¼rgen Grandt’s analysis, he states that in order to use jazz to look at African American literature, the critical

Facing Budget Cuts And Are A Financial Crisis - 2451 Words

We have read in the news recently that there are plenty of public defenders who are facing budget cuts and are in a financial crisis. A present day example of this can be seen by how a chief public defender in New Orleans has had to resort to turning clients away due to a lack of resources. However, it is not only due to money that they have had to turn clients away, these client who may have no other means of representation; they also believe that they can no longer perform up to the standards of the Constitution and their own code of ethics. As such, it could be argued that the public defenders can’t provide ‘effective counsel’ when there are too many cases, which would violate the defendant’s right. They would seem to be caught in a catch 22, where they are doomed if they take on all the cases or they are sued if they don’t. The public defender’s office in New Orleans is understaffed, currently employing 42 overworked lawyers, in relation t o the 72 attorneys and 20 investigators it employed in 2008. The New Orleans chief public defender Bunton was quoted saying â€Å"As we shrink, that problem grows because we have more cases and fewer lawyers to handle them†¦ A lot of our experienced lawyers chose to find something else to do†¦ [and] in accordance with the ethics of the Constitution, I can t give the most important cases to inexperienced lawyers. These go against the standards set by the ABA Standards for Criminal Justice and the ABA Guidelines for the Appointment andShow MoreRelatedBudget Deficit And Its Effect On The National Debt1403 Words   |  6 Pages Only eight times in the past 60 years has Britain s budget been in surplus, most recently in 2001-2002. A budget surplus occurs when tax revenue is greater than government spending and interest payments. 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Importance of Organization Security-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Secruity. Answer: Introduction Security is one of the most significant aspects for the business organizations in the current times. It is necessary for the organizations to make sure that they include the latest security mechanisms and protocols in their architecture and the operational activities. It is because of the reason that there are newer forms of security risks and attacks that are being created with each passing day. These security occurrences are usually in the form of information security attacks with the use of various threat agents such as networks, devices, databases, human resources etc. The use of web-based solutions cannot be discontinued in the business organizations of the present era. As a result, the malicious entities make use of the access points and other web security vulnerabilities to cause damage to the systems and services of an organization. The report covers the step that an organization, iPixel Creative may take to enhance its security architecture. Organization Overview iPixel Creative is a Singapore based organization that provides web design and development solutions to its clients. The organization is formed of a small team of creative and highly-skilled professionals that have expertise in the areas of web and graphic designing along with web development. The company set its roots in the year 2007 and has been expanding in Singapore and beyond since its inception (iPixel, 2017). Current Security Architecture of the Organization iPixel Creative is an organization that works in the area of web based solutions and services. The security architecture and framework that is currently followed in the organization comprises of three pillars to security as Business security, Information security and Technical Security. The business security policies include the security mechanisms that are used to keep the business activities and decisions protected from security attacks. There are numerous clients, employees and third-parties that are associated with the organization. The policies and protocols that are followed to maintain business ethics and protect the privacy and security of the business operations come under business security. Information security covers the security of the information that is transmitted, shared and stored in association with the organization. The steps that are taken under this pillar include network security, physical security and database security (Wang and Tai, 2003). The third component is the technical security that includes the security of various technical tools and equipment used in the organization. Installation of updates, security patching, along with the maintenance of the security profile of the technical components is included under this pillar of organizational security. Steps to Improve the Organization Security The security profile and architecture of iPixel Creative can be enhanced by making use of latest mechanisms and policies in the three areas as business security, information security and technical security. With the use and adoption of the latest security practices, the overall security of the organization will improve and will provide better results for the organization in terms of revenues, market share and customer satisfaction. Business Security There are a number of administrative controls that may be used and applied to improve the security of the business activities and operations. Security Gap Analysis It is necessary to first understand and analyze the gaps and loopholes in the security of the organization to develop the mechanisms that must be followed for its improvement. The security gap analysis shall be carried out in iPixel Creative at regular intervals to highlight the areas that demand enhancement from the security point of view. Chief Information Security Officer (CIO), Security Manager, Security Auditor and the other associates of the security team must participate in the process. The team must come up with a comparison between the current security and the required future security state. The measures that shall be adopted shall be highlighted in the next step (Teneyuca, 2001). In case of iPixel Creative, the gaps that have been found are in terms of the technical and logical controls that are used, employee trainings, review and inspection processes and security audits. Separation of Duties There are a number of security occurrences that have been recorded and observed in case of iPixel Creative due to the malicious nature of activities carried out deliberately or accidentally by the staff members of the organization. The business processes that are carried out in the organization shall be classified in the form of discrete tasks and activities. There shall be roles identified and assigned to each of these tasks. The process of administrative monitoring and control will become easy to execute. In case of an attempt by an employee to cause damage or to carry out unauthorized and illegal activities, an immediate alert will be generated and the tracking process will also become simplified (Choo, 2013). Disaster Recovery Planning and Testing One of the most significant processes that shall be included in iPixel Creative to maintain the business security is the disaster recovery planning and testing. In spite of the security controls that are created and implemented in the organization, there may be a security occurrence that may be executed by the attackers. It would be necessary to have the measures to recover from such occurrences and cause minimal damage. The downtime involved in the recovery process shall also be kept as low as possible. All of these points will be covered in the development and implementation of a disaster recovery plan (Rieley, 2014). The disaster recovery plan for iPixel Creative must focus upon the services that the organization provides such as internet hosting, internet based marketing, web and graphic designs, web development solutions and so on. The possible risks and the measures to prevent and control the risks in association with each of these categories shall be created. There shall also be practical security drills executed to understand the behavior of the systems in case of a real scenario. Security Reviews and Audits One of the areas where iPixel Creative lacks in terms of business security is the frequency of monitoring and control processes such as reviews, inspections and audits by the security team. The security policies and protocols cannot be kept stagnant for a longer period of time. It is necessary to install updates in each of these areas to make sure that none of the security events may occur. The processes such as security reviews and security audits shall be carried out by the security team to highlight the areas that are lacking and the ones that need enhancement (Ruef, 2003). In these processes, the adherence and compliance to the security standards shall also be reviewed and a formal report shall be presented to understand the security status and security needs of the organization. There may be certain intentional loopholes in security that may be present which will be overcome with the aid of these processes. Secure Hiring and Termination The employees that are associated with any of the organization keep on changing. The new resources may join the team of iPixel Creative and the existing ones may leave the organization and join somewhere else. The employees of the organization have complete information regarding the business activities that are carried out in the organization, business practices that are followed and business protocols and policies that are involved. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure that security hiring and secure termination is followed in iPixel Creative to enhance the business security and the security of the organization (Langley, 2007). At the time of hiring, the new joiners must be provided with the training on the security tools and policies that they must follow. They must also be informed about the legal and regulatory policies that are associated with the organization along with the ethical code of conduct. The new employees must be provided with the adequate set of accesses and privileges as well. Similarly, at the time of termination, the accesses and privileges that are provided to the employee shall be deactivated completely. Information Security Defense-in-depth Defense-in-depth is the process that shall be carried out in iPixel Creative to form enhanced information security architecture in the organization. The process will result in the formation of the defensive layers to security which will result in the easy detection, prevention and control of the security occurrences. The process shall cover the technical, logical and administrative controls that shall be developed and installed in iPixel Creative to enhance the information and data security (Bronk, 2008). There are many layers that are present in the networking model of the organization which must be covered in the process to develop specific protocols for the enhancement of the security of the organization. Network Security Most of the security risks and attacks that may occur in iPixel Creative may be in the form of the network security risks and occurrences. There are currently measures that are taken to keep the network protected in iPixel Creative and to avoid the associated threats. However, it is required to add latest network security tools and measures to ensure that none of the network security attacks are executed. The organization must make use of the latest anti-denial and anti-malware tools to avoid the network related security attacks such as denial of service, distributed denial of service and launch of malware through the networks. These are the automated tools that must be acquired and installed in all the network access points that are used in the systems of the organization. As a result, the occurrence of the security events will be controlled (Zheng, 2007). Another set of tools that must be used is the network based intrusion detection and prevention systems. The organization is making use of such systems; however, with the change in technology, there are newer intrusion based detection and prevention systems that have been created. In the latest set of such tools, there is an application of data analytics and mining that is also integrated. Such tools not only detect and prevent any of the network intruders from entering the system but also analyze the patterns and trends that are associated with the same. As a result, the organization gets to know about the behavior of the attacker and the countermeasures to put a check on the intentions and activities may be created (Salem, 2012). The same shall be followed in case of iPixel Creative to not only prevent and detect the attacks but to eliminate them completely. There are also network auditing tools that have been developed that shall be used by the networking management and security teams to analyze the network related activities and keep a log of the same. These logs are of great help in case of the security attacks for disaster recovery and damage control (Ristov, 2012). Database Security The databases that are used in iPixel Creative are protected using the standard set of tools and policies. There are advanced mechanisms that have been developed to improve the state of database security in the organizations. There are usually cloud databases that are used in IPixel Creative for information storage and management. NoSQL databases must also be used as these provide an enhanced form of security and are also easier to update and maintain. The access control that is implemented in these databases of the organization must also be changed to role based access control that shall include the security policies and practices on the basis of the user roles and responsibilities. The databases must also be updated on a regular basis to include the latest security patches in the databases to make sure that version specific attacks are not executed. Two-Factor Authentication The attackers violate the authentication methods that are used in the organizations to break into the security and cause damage to the information and data that is associated with the organization. The same may happen in case of iPixel Creative as well. The organization must make use of two-factor authentication as a result as it would allow the strengthening of the information security of iPixel Creative (Supriyanto, 2012). The two-factor authentication process must make use of two different methods to grant access only to the authentic users. Methods such as one-time passwords and biometrics shall be used to provide access only to the authentic users. In such a manner, the attackers will not be able to succeed in their malicious attempts to cause damage to the security and privacy of the information that is present in the organizations. Information Encryption Encryption of the information is a process in which the information is converted to a protected form that is termed as cipher text which requires a security key to be used to access the protected data. In case of iPixel Creative, the information in-transit and at-rest is encrypted. However, there is a lot of information that comes from the third-parties that are external to the organization. The encryption protocols used by these third-parties may not be as effective to secure the information from the attacks by the malevolent entities. There shall be a standard policy that shall be formed to inform all the third-parties to follow advanced encryption standard and hashing protocols so that the information that is shared is always protected. Technical Security Device Security There are a number of devices that are used in iPixel Creative. The organization also supports the idea of Bring Your Own Devices (BYOD) at work that further enhances the likelihood of the device related threats and attacks. The devices that are associated with iPixel Creative shall be protected in terms of the device protection and the protection of the contents in the device. There shall be a tracking protocol installed in each of these devices to keep a track of the same in case of theft. Also, the contents of the device shall be protected with passwords and other authentication measures so that the attackers may not succeed in accessing the same. Technical Updates It is required for each of the devices that are used to be updated in terms of the latest system and security updates. This practice will not only keep the devices updated in terms of the latest measures but will also allow them to have latest security patches to avoid the newer forms of security risks and attacks. Other Measures Risk management and control is one of the significant areas that must be covered in the organization security of iPixel Creative. The process that is used and followed in the organization must be cascaded in a series of phases such as risk identification, risk analysis and assessment, risk evaluation, risk treatment, monitoring and control. The use of automated tools for each of these phases must be acquired and implemented in the organization to make sure that the risks associated with the organization are avoided. These tools will not only provide a latest picture of the risks that are involved but will also make the process easier for the employees associated with the organization. The employees of the organization must also be provided with the security trainings at regular intervals to make sure that the security occurrences do not take place. Conclusion With the use of web in the business activities and operations, there are many security threats and attacks that have become common to the organizations of the modern era. iPixel Creative is one such organization that has a complete dependence of its business activities on the web. The organization provides web based solutions and services to its customers all across the globe. Because of the nature of the operations that the organization deals with and the presence of increased number of security risks and attacks, there are many security occurrences that may take place in iPixel Creative. As a result, the organization must make use of latest security practices and protocols to avoid the security threats and attacks. These security practices must be created and updated in three different areas as business security, information security and technical security. Business security shall be enhanced by making use of measures such as execution of gap analysis, segregation of duties and responsibilities, use of secure processes in hiring and termination of the employees, formation of disaster recovery plans and execution of security reviews and audits. Information security shall also be improved by using latest measures in terms of network security, database security and other associated areas. A defense-in-depth process must be carried out to develop the measures for overall security. Access control and authentication processes must also be improved. Technical security measures must focus upon the latest developments in the areas of device security and protection along with the updates of the devices that are used. The overall security of iPixel Creative shall be formed by making use of these latest protocols along with the updates in the areas of security architecture as a whole. References Bronk, C. (2008). 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(2012). Mining Techniques in Network Security to Enhance Intrusion Detection Systems. International Journal of Network Security Its Applications, 4(6), pp.51-66. Supriyanto (2012). Review on IPv6 Security Vulnerability Issues and Mitigation Methods. International Journal of Network Security Its Applications, 4(6), pp.173-185. Teneyuca, D. (2001). Organizational Leaders Use Of Risk Management for Information Technology. Information Security Technical Report, 6(3), pp.54-59. Wang, E. and Tai, J. (2003). Factors affecting information systems planning effectiveness: organizational contexts and planning systems dimensions. Information Management, 40(4), pp.287-303. Zheng, L. (2007). Dynamic security labels and static information flow control. International Journal of Information Security, 6(2-3), pp.67-84.